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Because crews feared insurrection, the Africans were allowed to go outside on the upper decks for only a few hours each day. The heat was intolerable, and the oxygen levels became so low that candles would not burn. They were typically chained together, and usually the low ceilings did not permit them to sit upright. The Atlantic passage, or Middle Passage, usually to Brazil or an island in the Caribbean, was notorious for its brutality and for the overcrowded unsanitary conditions on slave ships, in which hundreds of Africans were packed tightly into tiers below decks for a voyage of about 5,000 miles (8,000 km) that could last from a few weeks to several months.

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Middle passage how to#

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